The Qattara depression has an area of about 19,500 square kilometers. It approaches within 205 kilometers of Cairo and 56 kilometers of the Mediterranean coast. The floor of the depression averages 60 meters below sea level. This research investigates the possibility of utilizing the technology of desalination to …

Egypt is facing a major challenge to manage its limited water resources to satisfy future demand. Nile River inflow is satisfying more than 85% of the total demand. Accurate prediction for yearly inflow is essential for planning and management of the water resources. The inflow of the river exhibits large variation due to many natural phenomena. The prediction of inflow rate has been under continuous study. Different approaches have been used to fit observed data. However, some of these approaches may not adequately predict the river inflow because they are based on many simplifying assumptions about the natural phenomena that influence the inflow. This paper demonstrates how a neural network can be used as an adaptive model synthesizer …

The River Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world. It is shared by ten countries, all in varying states of development. Numerous studies indicate Nile water resources are not fully utilized. In fact, the Nile Basin’s riparian countries utilize less than 50% of the river’s total water resources. Cooperation amongst these countries has been recently encouraged to decrease river water losses and increase the water yield. In this study, expected water yield increase (losses saved) is divided amongst the riparian countries based upon …

Crop consumptive use depends on many factors. Two of these factors are the temperature and humidity which differ in Egypt considerably from north to south. Making use of this folumina, this study determines the optimal allocation of the different cultivated crops …

Forecasting the Nile River natural flow has always been one of the main concerns for hydrologists and decision makers for contingency planning. There have been several attempts to forecast the river yield using different models with some degree of reliability. In last decade, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are gaining popularity as a modeling tool in hydrology. Forecasting the stream flow is one of the successful applications of ANNs that should be tested for Nile River forecasting. This study applies ANNs to forecast …

Middle East and North African countries suffer from a shortage of fresh water resources. Statistical analysis showed that the fresh water resources per capita in these countries are less than 13% of the average world resources per capita. Egypt major challenge is to … This paper tries to optimize the use of these resources taking into consideration the geographic constraints and …

Egypt has limited water resources. It depends mainly on the River Nile to satisfy its demands where agriculture consumes more than 80% of the water resources. Crop consumptive use depends on many factors which differ considerably in Egypt from north to south. The return from using the unit water as well as the farmers profits differ from one crop to another. Some crops provide the farmers high profits while their return per unit water is very low. This study determines the optimal crop patterns …

Egypt depends on the Nile River as the main source of its water resources. Its water demands are satisfied through the release of water from the High Aswan Dam (HAD). Forecasting the monthly inflow to Lake Nasser is essential in order to manage the available water resources successfully. Different statistical techniques and standard Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been used to forecast the Nile River natural flow at Aswan. Sophisticated ANNs techniques were used in this study to forecast …

Egypt has limited water resources. Dependence on surface water only in the future to cover the increasing demands will not be adequate. The dependence on surface and groundwater resources for increased irrigation demands is of the principle means for raising agricultural production. The pressure upon existing water resources will become more intensive in satisfying the increasing demands in the future. Improper management and poor practice in the use of groundwater lead to serious problems such as depletion of these resources due to rapid extractions or water logging due to the rise in the water table from aquifer recharge. Conjunctive planning and development of surface and groundwater resources results in maximum utilization of the limited water resources, greater yields, and economic returns compared to the separate use of the resources. The primary objective of this study is to develop an optimal conjunctive model with a surface water usage minimization objective to determine

In 1956 it was decided by the Egyptian government to build one of the highest dam in the world with the biggest man made reservoir in the world. Several studies had been conducted to study the impact of High Aswan Dam (HAD) on the surrounding environment. However, these studies were usually conducted on scattered matter, i.e. there was no integration of all of the different impacts the analysis of this study is to produce auditing for the HAD project. It also aims the reviewing the positive and the negative impacts of the project that affect…